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As you know, most soles are flat at the waist. The bottom of the sole is simply a flat piece of leather running from toebox to heel. With a fiddleback waist, the waist area is shaped. The sole is substantially thicker in the middle and then thins toward the edges, giving it a shape similar to a stretched-out U. Essentially, it appears convex when viewed from the side. This is accompanied by a narrow waist, making the sole look like a violin or fiddle.

Fiddlebacks usually go hand-in-hand with a beveled waist, though it's possible for a shoe to have a bevelled waist and yet not be a fiddleback.
 
The practical application is a more secure fit in the saddle stirrup. There are two schools; toe riders who merely slip the ball onto the stirrup bar and advocates of a full foot, the stirrup locked at the front of the heel and pivoting for leg aids on the arch much like a ball and socket. The fiddle waist makes for smooth pivoting and safe emergency dismounts. It happily also makes for handsome footwear with or without the horse, who, depending on his manners may be under or part of the shoe.
 
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